Theu.s. State Prison System - 965 Words

There are so many problem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) the first main reason is â€Å"war on drug† before they made this law the United State prison population was about a quarter amount than what is right now. They also showed that 70 to 75 percent of prisoner in the prison today because of the law for â€Å"war on drug†. So its mean most of the space in prison got covered by people who use drug not for something major issue. I think people who use drug besides putting them in the prison they should put them some r ehabilitation program to help them got out of their addiction on drug. So I think that’s how we could save some space and put those people who do really violent crime and deserve it. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) there are another reason for overcrowding is criminal offenders record indicator law. This law were made for to protect the privacy of people who have criminal record. For example when people come out from the jail or prison they still have the criminal record on hem even though they got out on the

Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication-Samples for Students

Question: You are to prepare a formal analytical essay strictly on Japanese Business Etiquette. Answer: Essay: Business overseas requires a proper communication between the business people of both the countries in order to make the business meeting successful. Misunderstanding caused due to difference in communication styles results in loss of business opportunities. It is required to make some of the adjustments by both the sides of the people in order to make the business deals successful. Companies these days are expanding overseas in order to earn their businesses. This enables them to communicate with the people to other countries for their business (Brown, 2015). As per the case, Emily has to expand her business to Japan and thus she requires to study about the culture and business etiquettes of japan in order to make her business deals successful with Mr. Hamasaki. Japan is the place with very formal business etiquettes. The people who want to deal with Japanese have to be very formal in their communication. There are many areas where the miscommunication can happen at the time of cross cultural businesses meetings. Some of them are discussed so that they can be overcome to make the communication effective. Language is the most potential area where the miscommunication can happen. Japanese is a very difficult language especially for the people from Australia. Thus, keeping a translator who is well educated with Japanese should be kept along at the time of meeting the Japanese business people (Chaney and Martin, 2007). Non-verbal communication: Japanese are very much homogenous in terms of their cultural values as they believe in the common values and culture from history. They have different meaning for different signs (Brink and Costigan, 2015). They believe in showing respect by bowing rather than shaking hands. All these should be kept in mind whenever one has to deal with Japanese businessman. Negotiation: Japanese are very calm in nature. Raising voice at the time of negotiation may offend them as they do not like to be scolded or shouted at the time of meetings and negotiation. They try to build up a relationship at the time of business working and have great trust values (Cardon and Marshall, 2015). These communication barriers can be resolved. This can only be done by taking some of the steps and keepings some of the things in mind. The first and the foremost thing that needs to be considered is the introduction part in the meeting. It is one of the toughest challenges for the international business persons. Bowing is the most important part to begin the meeting with nay of the Japanese (Christensen, 2014). This is the most professional and the formal way to greet the other person in Japan. The intensity and the depth of the bow is the amount of respect the person is showing. Thus, at the time of meeting with nay of the Japanese, I is required to great him with a deep bow. Language may be a problem at the time when an Australian meet with Japanese so keeping a translator is a good option at that time. Business card is another very important thing. Exchanging these business cards also requires a protocol to be followed. The business card that is known as meishi in Japanese needs to be hand over in a box. Bowing is again required at the time of receiving the card but this time it showed be sight and gentle. Food is the very important part of Japanese business meetings (Kernbach, Eppler and Bresciani, 2015). They also look for the table manners of the person at the time of meetings. Thus the people like Emily should learn the table manners followed by Japanese before conducting meeting with them. It should be remembered that the person should sit only when he or she is told to sit and not before that. Let the eldest person sit in the centre is the basic protocol to be followed. The major part is use of chopsticks. This should be learned before any dinner or meal meeting with the Japanese. To analyse more about Japanese culture and business etiquettes Hofstede model can be used. There are different dimensions that can utilise to determine the score of the country according to those dimensions (Betancourt, Green, Carrillo and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, 2016). Individualism: Individualism is the elements in which japan scores 46 points. This suggests that majorly, the country shows the power of collectivism rather than the individual approach. Masculine: In Hofstede model, Japan scored 95 in the area of masculine. This suggests that the country believes in high competition. According to individualism score, it has been analysed that the country believes in collectivism so it has been determined that Japanese have collective competition (Harzing and Feely,2008). The competition is there but not individuals but in groups. It has been analysed that the employees in japan feel more motivated when they fight in teams rather than as an individual. Thus, it can be concluded that the competition is there within the groups at great extent. Uncertainty avoidance: in this context as well, the country scored very high that is 92. It is evident that the country has faced many natural disasters and calamity with grace such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunami etc. during this situation, the country learns to prepare themselves and face these situations without panicking (Shachaf, 2008). His is because of the nature of the society and their beliefs for the rules they make. The people in japan believes in planning and making standardised rules to follow for every situation they face, whether it be natural calamity or any happy moment. Long term orientation: the country scored 88 in this aspect. This is because the county believes in long term orientation rather than short term profits. Such as the business at the country believes in earing the revenue and making the providing the profits to the stakeholders for long term rather than providing profits quarterly. They do not believe in short term earnings and plans. Indulgence: children can become humans only when they get the knowledge and manners from the society in their childhood. The intensity to which the humans can control their needs and desires is based on their upbringing and the society the y lives in. if the people have weak control then they are indulgent in nature and if people have high control, they are restraint. In case of Japan, the people are restraint because the country scores 42 in the indulgence factor. The people of Japan think that they need to be controlled in their desired and remain stick to their social values (Martin and Chaney, 2012). As far as Emilys case is concerned, she is from Australia where he culture is very different from Japan. Australian people believe is greeting the other person by shaking hands or hugging while Japanese are very formal in that case. Thus, Emily has to make many adjustments before conducting meeting with Mr. Hamasaki. The first adjustment that needs to be made is in context with the language. Keeping the translator with her is very important as she speaks English and learning Japanese in little time is not possible for her. She has to develop the taste buds as Japanese, she has to show the innovation in her sauces and taste according to the Japanese market. This enables her to get the knowledge about the Japanese people taste regarding the sauces and their dishes. Having the knowledgeable conversation with the Japanese people may help her to impress them. As discussed that Japanese is very much attached with its culture. Considering the cultural values of the country and deciding the name of the sauces may help her to impress the Japanese businessmen (Okoro, 2012). Emily needs to be very thoughtful to the tie of meeting with Japanese. She has to be generous at the time of meeting the people so that she can make the relationship with them. Japanese trust the people who are good in communication and interaction. Emily has to portray herself as friendly and trustworthy person so that Mr. Hamasaki can trust her and helps in her in expansion the business to Japan. Cross cultural communication is the not the easy task to be conducted (Kobayashi, Fisher and Gapp, 2008). There are differences in the culture and the beliefs of the people who belong to different culture. Thus, respecting each others culture can only help in making the global unity in businesses. Effective communication and respect for each other helps the companies to make successful deals rather and businesses. References: Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E. and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, I.I., 2016. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care.Public health reports. Brink, K.E. and Costigan, R.D., 2015. Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned?.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), pp.205-221. Brown, L.A., 2015. The Course Valuation Model and 10 Steps to Increase Course Value: The Business Communication Course.Journal of Education for Business,90(6), pp.340-346. Cardon, P.W. and Marshall, B., 2015. The hype and reality of social media use for work collaboration and team communication.International Journal of Business Communication,52(3), pp.273-293. Chaney, L.H. and Martin, J.S., 2007.The essential guide to business etiquette. Greenwood Publishing Group. Christensen, M., 2014. Communication as a strategic tool in change processes.International journal of business communication,51(4), pp.359-385. Harzing, A.W. and Feely, A.J., 2008. The language barrier and its implications for HQ-subsidiary relationships.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,15(1), pp.49-61. Kernbach, S., Eppler, M.J. and Bresciani, S., 2015. The use of visualization in the communication of business strategies: An experimental evaluation.International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), pp.164-187. Kobayashi, K., Fisher, R. and Gapp, R., 2008. Business improvement strategy or useful tool? Analysis of the application of the 5S concept in Japan, the UK and the US.Total Quality Management,19(3), pp.245-262. Martin, J.S. and Chaney, L.H., 2012.Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs: A Guide to International Communication and Customs. ABC-CLIO. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International journal of business and management,7(16), p.130. Shachaf, P., 2008. Cultural diversity and information and communication technology impacts on global virtual teams: An exploratory study.Information Management,45(2), pp.131-142.

This Side Of Paradise Essays - Modernist Literature

This Side Of Paradise This Side of Paradise chronicles the life of Amory Blaine from his childhood up through his early twenties. Born the son of a wealthy and sophisticated woman, Beatrice, Amory travels the country with his mother until he attends the fictitious St. Regis prep school in New England. He is handsome, quite intelligent though lazy in his schoolwork, and he earns admission to Princeton. Though initially concerned with being a success on campus, after failing a class he gives himself over to idleness; he prefers to learn through reading and discussions with friends than through his classes. Towards the end of his college career, America enters World War I and Amory dutifully enlists, forgoing his degree. During his time overseas, Beatrice passes away. Upon his return to America, Amory meets the young debutante Rosalind Connage, the sister of his college friend Alec. The two fall deeply in love, but because of his family's poor investments, Amory has little money, and Rosalind does not wish to marry into poverty. Despite Amory's best efforts to earn money at an advertising agency, Rosalind breaks off their engagement in order to marry a wealthier man, devastating Amory. He goes on a three week drinking binge, which is finally terminated by the advent of the Prohibition. Amory's quest for self-knowledge begins to be realized. He has a short summer romance with the wild Eleanor. Soon after, Alec is caught with a girl in his hotel room and Amory takes the blame. Amory then discovers that his last close tie, the dear friend of his mother and his father figure, Monsignor Darcy, has passed away. Further, the family finances have left him almost no money. He decides to walk to Princeton and is picked up along the way by the wealthy father of a friend who died in the war. Amory expounds his new socialist principles and then continues to walk to Princeton. He arrives late at night, pining for Rosalind. Amory reaches his hands to the sky and says "I know myself, but that is all"

How to Bounce Back From a Lay-off

How to Bounce Back From a Lay-off Are you still reeling from an abrupt end to your last job? Is your box of office flotsam glaring at your from across the room? It’s a stressful time, and after you’ve taken some time for deep-breathing and appropriate wallowing, you’ll need to prepare for what’s coming next. Here are some concrete steps to help you get back on your feet, courtesy of  career consultant and certified life coach Phyllis Mufson. One of the most stressful elements of unexpected unemployment is financial status. Take an unflinching look at your finances–do you have enough between savings, severance and unemployment to maintain your current expenses for three months? Six? A year? Make a detailed budget and figure out what expenses you can cut right away.Depending upon your age and previous employment history, it may make sense to speak with a financial advisor, hire a recruiter, or seek out temporary employment agencies for an interim job.  Particularly for older job s eekers, choices about whether to opt-in to Social Security benefits or consider opportunities with larger chains that are offering part-time employment with benefits, should be carefully reviewed. Professional career coaches or advisors can help you assess your skills, identify unexpected opportunities, and craft a narrative that will help you stand out form the crowd.Remind yourself daily that, as Mufson puts it, your job search is likely to be a marathon, not a sprint. Find fellow job-seekers to be your â€Å"running buddies†Ã¢â‚¬â€œcheck in with one another daily or weekly. Perhaps you can assemble for periodic group visits with like-minded peers or even former colleagues who are in the same boat. And don’t forget to blow off steam. Especially as summer approaches, there are likely to be free or low-cost leisure activities in your town or city. Set yourself a schedule for job-hunting activities and be sure you leave frequent breaks in it to go for a walk, get some e xercise, see friends, and spend time on hobbies you had before the lay-off that probably threw you off your axis.Being laid off can feel like a judgment on your worth as a person or your merits as an employee, but as the last decade has shown, it can happen to practically anyone in any industry–and the people who bounce back are the ones who realistically assess their finances, their skill-sets, and their network of peers. So rest up, and dive in–there’s no time like the present!

Hospatility and Tourism Strategic Managment Essay

Hospatility and Tourism Strategic Managment - Essay Example This "Hospitality and tourism strategic management" essay describes an importance of strategic management, its key elements and also writes about role of Information technology in the hospitality industry. Strategic planning has seen a vast improvement and has evolved in recent times, more so with the volatile economy and intense market competition. However, there is still a tendency of the senior management to keep the formal strategic planning in their purview rather than making it transparent and developing a clear communication with the middle managers and other employees. This approach will not only prove to be detrimental for the future of organizational objectives, but also will not allow a complete harmony between the various levels of employees. The middle management will not be equipped to handle and execute the strategic planning of the senior management until and unless they have a clear understanding of the future vision of the organization. The hospitality and tourism i ndustry has evolved from late eighties and has seen tremendous growth, making the competition stringent with most of the developing countries focusing and formulating friendly policies due to the industry’s immense potential. With advanced tools being introduced to make the services as pleasing for the customer as possible, the focus has more or less now shifted on the unit and the departmental levels of industry players. Hence, the senior management needs to realize the importance involving all the employees in strategic decision making. as they are the ones, who deal one on one with the existing and prospective customers, which eventually decides the company’s reputation and future market base (Scott and Laws 2006). Business Environment The external environment that any company in the hospitality industry needs to do a thorough analysis on can be divided into the operating environment and the organisational environment. Many developed and primarily developing countri es have come up with hospitality industry friendly policies and procedures due to the immense potential of the hospitality and tourism industry to generate huge amounts of economic benefits for any country, benefits like, employment, foreign exchange, tax revenues etc. (Kotler 2008). Managers must give a detailed consideration to the macro-environment factors. Firstly, political factors - governments enforce rules and regulations within which the company must operate, such as subsidies or lenient tax laws for new businesses. Governments can shut companies for not complying with the enforced laws. Therefore, being compliant with the laws

The Process of How a Bill Becomes a Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of How a Bill Becomes a Law - Essay Example As an expression of the sovereign people, all laws are legislated in accordance with the highest law of the land—the Constitution. It is done through constitutionally prescribed processes that are often tedious and politically mired with controversies. Usually, a bill is introduced by the House of Representatives and is duly concurred by the Senate. Such bill is presented to the President of the United States for approval and signature. If the president signs it, the bill becomes a law, otherwise, the bill will be returned to the House where it originated with president’s objections. The latter will be put into the journal. The same will be reconsidered by the legislatures. If two-thirds of the House approved the reconsidered bill, it will become a law and such overturned the veto power of the executive. In a similar context, when the bill is presented to the president for signature and if such was not returned within ten working days, the bill likewise becomes a law. Such 10-day period, when it has lapsed, has a similar effect as if the president has signed it, unless the legislative body, by their adjournment prevents its return. As such, the bill will not become the law. The legislation of the law rests on the constitutionally mandated power of the legislative branch under Article 1, Section 1 of the Constitution. This process, however, has a complex and evolving mechanisms since the legislative body is composed of a hundred elected senators and 435 members of representatives from states with varying political interests and concerns relating to policy formulation. Bills ought to have undergone a process of consultations from constituents as they are the subjects of legislative agenda and developments. Their voices should be considered by representatives before they’d perform the mandates of advising and agreeing to treaties and other related policies. Bills, before it would become a law, are sourced from the multitude of ideas and proposals of people in each state.  Ã‚  

Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay

Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism Under that Act ZCT is responsible with many functions including licensing (operation) of all the tourist establishment in Zanzibar, Monitoring and supervision of the Zanzibar tourist, Assisting potential investors, etc (ZCT, 1992 ) 1.2 Mission Zanzibar Commission of Tourism (ZCT) on regarding the development tourism in Zanzibar has the mission to be the most interesting, miscellaneous island targeted in the Indian Ocean constituency that will be more interesting in the world. According to that mission ZCT combines various types of tourism such as: Culture Tradition, Performing Arts, History Archaeology, Beaches, Culinary (spices), Medical (herbs) ,etc (ZTPS, n/d) 1.3 Introduction and background of the problem In order to survive in todays business environment,in small companies, particulaly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in tourism industry utilize innovative techniques as a basis of competitive advantage. At the moment globalized world, SMEs have turn out to be more imperative for developed and developing countries since they produced high percentages of overall production, employment and revenue collection to the government. The most important and the greatest growing sectors of the overall economy, tourism in Zanzibar contains many SMEs that make an effort to be doing well in aggressive and quickly changing business situation. SMEs play a critical role not only in national trade but also in international trade. The previous information from different sources such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) shows SMEs in many countries account for a very substantial proportion on local and export market (Knight, 2001). Porter (1991) argues that in order for any industry to compete within the business environment, it has to adopt competitive advantage strategy, so the owners and stake holders should be able to identify their competitors. The competitive advantages for any organization are superior skills and resources. Therefore any source of advantage is like a drivers of cost or differentiation advantages. (Porter, 1985). Like any SMEs, in order for tourism SMEs to survive in competitive business environment, SMEs should be more entrepreneur and innovative,it means that should perform well in dynamic locations and not in regulated markets. SMEs could have low performance and unstable environments due to delay of product innovations, the working operation was not aggressives even throw the enterprenuership could be benefited in various ways but does not provide a sustainable competitive advantages. (Hult and Ketchen, 2001). Above all, the innovation, promotion, lowering of the price, differentiation, creativity, all these cannot be performed well without the adoption of ICT(Kotler and Armstrong ,2008). Indeed, the nature of any industry cannot compete with its competitor to bring the superior value to their customers without the appropriate adoption of ICT. ICT is regarded as the main force of sustainable competitive advantage and a strategic weapon especially in the tourism and hospitality industries (Poon, 1993). Generally, most of the tourism industry should be well equipped with ICT, which include radio, television, as well as newer digital technologies such as computers and the Internet, have been touted as potenti ally powerful enabling tools for tourism change and reform. These changes and reforms include services such as e-commerce, e-booking, e-reservation and not only that ICT facilitate the information processing system. In order to survive strong competition and current economic crisis in the region, SMEs involved in hotel industry have to improve the quality of its services. What is the role of tourism SMEs in the process in order to gain customers satisfaction through service quality and business improvement? It is generally accepted that ICT is a modern instrumental tool that enables the SMEs entrepreneurs to modify their tourism methods. It is used in order to increase the tourist interest. The extended use of ICTs drove the society into a new knowledge based form where information plays an important role for the SMEs as well as tourist satisfaction. In Zanzibar there is a significant research gap on small tourism business and failure to identify critical weakness of small and medium sized tourism enterprises. A number of studies on tourism have been conducted, however very little has been studied about tourism SMEs and particularly how these SMEs engaged in adopting ICTs for more productivity and overall total economic growth of the Zanzibar .The need to undertake a thorough tourism analysis in Zanzibar has been realized recently. For example, It is important to have a database on tourism development if, students, policy analysts, planners, decision makers and entrepreneurs to be up to date with drive of tourism industry .As a large number of tourism SMEs are involved in the delivery of tourism products and that they are also potential for future development of tourism is a need to carry out studies that might show how small and medium tourism business develop, function, conduct business and how they contribute to local and nati onal economic development. Zanzibar has many tourist attractions and contributes high percentage of economy of the country and that the tourism sector is dominated by SMEs. However there is a continued absence of studies on small tourism firms, therefore it is important to do research on tourism SMEs. 1.4 Statement of the problem There are different kinds of ICTs used in tourism activities such as e-reservation, tele- and video-conferencing and e-booking tools. The extent into how these products services are used by the SMEs involved in Zanzibar and their potential to improve the sector has not been explore enough. Challenges facing these SMEs in application of ICT are not known and areas for improvement have not been investigated. Given the mounting global demand on usage of ICTs in tourism, there is therefore a need to look at the impact of ICTs application on SMEs engaged in tourism sector in Zanzibar. This study is learning to address the issued. 1.5 Aim of the research To examine /explore the role and use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in enhancing the competitiveness advantages of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Zanzibar Tourism operation. 1.6 Research objectives The main objective of this study is significantly examined how ICT help to create competitive advantage in tourism sector in Zanzibar. Not only that but also to identify constraints facing SMEs using ICT. Specific objectives: To examine the awareness and the extent of ICT utilization in Zanzibar tourism SMEs sector To identify constraints and opportunities of ICT usage in tourism sector in Zanzibar To find out solution options to overcome the shortcoming of the ICT utilization in tourism SMEs in Zanzibar 1.7 Research questions For the purpose of meeting the above objectives, the study comes up with the following questions: How do Zanzibar tourism SMEs aware and utilize the ICT in their business? How do Zanzibar SMEs perceive profitability and performance of their business in relation to use of ICT in their business? What measures have been taken to solve the problems of lack of use of ICT? 1.8 Scope of the study This study was conducted to investigate how usage of ICT and its application in sectors, involved in tourism industry could help the way business is run and hence contribute increased efficiency and effectiveness. Due to the time constraint this study covered the part of Zanzibar Islands which is Stone town and the portion of North East Coast zones which includes Kiwengwa village, Matemwe village and Nungwi village because this area is more active in tourism activities in Zanzibar. 1.9 Significance of the study This study intends to disclose the influence of the ICT as a competitive advantage strategy that can be applied in SMEs in the tourism industry. The study is expected to be of much value to a number of peoples and organization as follows:- The results obtained from this study will provide some recommendation to the Governing Authority, which is expected to bring insights into Zanzibars SMEs on how ICTs usage can bring competitive advantages against their competitors so as to accelerate economic growth of Zanzibar. It will help the policy makers of the country to appreciate the implications on ICT in SMEs in tourism to increase the quality of services in hospitality industry. The research will provide sufficient information to be used as a reference on this area of the study and to fulfill the requirement for the Degree of Master of Business Administration in Information Technology Management in Coventry University. 1.10 Limitations of the study Some data are confidential so it was difficult to get the current data. Financial constraints, so it could be difficult for a researcher to cover all the Zanzibar regions due to financial constraints. 1.11 Summary of the chapter This chapter was introduced the introduction of the study, the introduction of Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT) was done under this chapter where all services offered were summarized and the mission statement of ZCT were also started. Also in this chapter the researcher discussed something about the aim of the research, research objectives, research question and statement of the problems. Not only that but also the researcher briefly discussed the significance of the study, scope of the study and limitation of the study. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This part provides definition of the important terms and concepts which are used in this study including ICT in tourism sectors, the conceptual frame work of this study, the performance of tourism in SMEs, and the opportunity and challenges of tourism in Zanzibar. 2.2 Definitions of the terms and concepts 2.2.1 Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) Morrison (1996) argues that it is difficult to define the term SMEs because there are no universal criteria that can be used to determine the size of the business, as a result, Olomi (2009) noted that although the SMEs all over the world contribute a major role in social development, its definition varies from one country to another and even from one institution to another in the same country. An enterprise may be perceived as small in terms of physical facilities, production/service capacity, market share, and number of employee. Olomi (2009) cited that ,the United States Agency for International Development-USAID (1993) ,suggested that SMEs can be defined by considering combination of both qualitative and quantitative criteria and should include one among the aspects such as number of employee, capital investment, share capital, number of share holders, number of stakeholders, total asset, turnover, market share, geographical market coverage, organizational complexity, composition of management and degree of formalization. In Tanzania, the SMEs Development Policy (2002) classifies SMEs under the consideration of employment size and capital investment of the organization. A micro-enterprise is one with fewer than five employees, a small enterprise with 5-49 employees, a medium enterprise with 50-99 employees and a large enterprise with more than 100 employees. In contrast with the Capital investments the definition was based at the range from less than Tshs 5 million to over Tshs 800 million. For the purpose of this research, the Tanzania SMEs Development Policy of (2002) definition will be adopted because it is based on the local environment of Tanzania, where SMEs are characterized by family ownership and local area of operation, which is not the case to other countries. This illustrated in the table below:- Table: 1 Category of SMEs in Tanzania Category Employees Capital investment in machinery Tshs Micro enterprise 1-4 Up to 5mil Small enterprise 5-49 Above 5mil to 200mil Medium enterprise 50-99 Above 200 to 800mil Large enterprise 100+ Above 800mil Source: SMEs development policy (2002) Accordind to Zanzibar Youth Employment Action Plan.(2007), Zanzibar has a large informal sector operation where more than 80 percent of the workforce is believed to be engaged in. Majority of the establishments in the informal sector are micro, own account or employing less than 5 people. This situation is linked to low skills base as a result of limited opportunities for skills training, working capital and inadequate support for off-farm activities in rural areas. From a gender perspective,women have low participation rates and fewer skills than men. Women account for only 19 percent of total employees compared to 81 percent for men in this sector. This sector is dominated by private individuals through 1,541 registered businesses in 2002. Out of this number, only 6% employs more than 10 people while 79% of the industry employs less than 20 people and only 3% of registered industry employs more than 100 people (SME Policy, 2006). The potential is still there for more employment opp ortunities especially to out of school youths and those from different vocational training centers. The Zanzibar SME policy (2006) is aiming at developing and creating conducive environment through participation of public and private sector for the purpose of increasing employment provision, income generation and poverty reduction. The policy and the MKUZA aim at increasing job opportunities through SMEs. SMEs are important to the national economic, but they are facing a number of problems, both administrative and financial and thus fail to contribute fully in employment creation. Apart from the SMEs sector, Zanzibar has a small manufacturing sector. Manufacturing sector in general is at infant stage and has not been fully exploited to its maximum potential to increase its contribution to the economy and welfare of the people. There is a wide potential for investors to come in, invest in big industries and thereby generates employment on the youth. The importance of manufacturing sector in terms of employment creation and development of linkages with the rest of economy is well understood. Employment opportunities that exist in manufacturing take into consideration its linkages with agriculture, tourism, and trade. Other opportunities that could be generated include those from agro-processing, production of souvenirs, transportation, and other new activities that will meet demands of tourism and trade. 2.2.2. Importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) There are many benefits that obtained from SMEs in day to day operation forexample there will be about 1.7 millions business engaging, in micro enterprises operation which is about 3million persons that will be about 20% of Tanzanian labour force (URT,2003) The SMEs was be the labour intensive by creating the employment opportunity at different level of investment.The estimation will be shown as about 700,000 new entrants in every year as a labour force, not only that about 500,000 of it are school leavers with few skills, while the employment trend in public sector will show about 40,000 are the new entrants and about 660,000 remained to be unemployed (URT,2003) as cited in Temba(n/d) According to that the trend will be shown in Tanzania will be characterised by low rate of capital formation and normally the SMEs will tend to be more effective in the utilisation of employment situation in the country (URT,2003) as cited in Temba(n/d) The development of SMEs will promote the distribution of economic activities within the country and boster the technology in easierst way,this is because due to lower overheads and fixed costs in their normally operation, therefore the owners of SMEs must be tend to show the greater resilience in the face of recession by holding their business (URT,2003) 2.2.3 Information Communication Technology (ICT) The literature shows that there is no universally accepted definition of ICT, because the concepts, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving on an almost daily basis. Blurton (2002) as cited in Badnjevic and Padukova (2006) defines ICT as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information. Kumar (2001) claimed that ICT is the study, design, development, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ICT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information. 2.2.4 The adoption of ICT by SMEs: Obviously, ICTs are more than computer or internet even though they focuse on business technology.Therefore ICTs include the software and hardware telecommunicaton and information management techniques, also the ICT can be used to creates,receive, retrives and distribute/ transform information in a wide range. (Porter and Millar, 1985, Brady et al,2002) SMEs in tourism operation are important tools on contribution of the economy in the country in particulaly ICT has more effective use and better position of working performance and rapidly change the new technologies and creates the tourism organization in more competitive.(Hartigan, 2005) In recent years, SMEs have acquired direct access to digital technologies for individual task development.In previous this opportunity only for large companies to use computing and communication capabilities to coordinate their work. On the other hand, ICT reduced the expenditure on cost consumption and improve the performance in organization due to certain kinds of communications and coordination can occur. (Summut-Bonnii and McGee, 2002). (Ragaswamy and Lilien, 1997).On the business today their was certain changes that global interdependencies are becoming more critical thus, companies/organization realized they need to take advantage of ICT capabilities for improving their competitiveness and productivity. 2.2.5 ICT and SME competitiveness The presence of ICT and use it could lead to increase the competitiveness of SMEs due the faster and more conscientious communication channel, it means the use of ICT has increase the competitiveness of SMEs also enables the establishment of litheness associated with different trading partners due to more consistency of channel of communication. In addition the increases of the biggest enterprises it comes through introduced of ICT in many organizations and adapt quicker to changing operational conditions. For that reason the aggressive compensation of SMEs possibly will turn down. Normally well-built enterprises not relay comfortable information as SMEs; therefore the realistic decision is not costless if needed appropriate information. However SMEs contain the improvement of slighter interior harmonization expenditure as each and every one resolution is completed by a small number of assessment makers. (Raymond 1993, Mà ¼ller-Falcke 2001) The economies of extent can be condensed due to lowering the operational expenditure with the presences of ICT, particularly internet monitor the enterprises situation for appropriate information to obtain the exacting information concerning sellers, buyers and clients that was absent of accomplish. In addition delivery of goods, funds transmission and banking system facilities are reliable, this will enables SMEs to be expanded regionally and internationally. Finally most of the SMEs are located in outside the town areas due to competition of larger enterprises,transportation and communication costs that, ICT might increases the competition for enterprises and becomes more effectivelly and productivity or the enterprises to be close down. (Annual Forum at Misty Hills, Muldersdrift (2001)) 2.2.6 ICT as a business tools The use of Information, Communication and Technology is very important in current business operations. Entrepreneurs need to understand the market situation before doing any business and the preferred types of products at particular time. This knowledge can be sought through ICT system. The use of media is important in advertising and promoting business inside and outside the country. The available public and private media institutions can be utilized to publicize the available potential of products and services undertaken by youth and others.(Zanzibar youth Employment Action Plan, 2007). ICT is technologys version of economic growth, to satisfy the needs and wants of the community over time. Organizations are forced to adjust and take advantage of the opportunities provided by ICT in order to stay competitive. Businesses that do not take advantage of the ICT will run the risk of losing customers and their competitive advantage (Sharma, 2002). Some of the functions that technology has impacted are information search, advertising, consumer buying patterns and behaviors (Hanson, 2000). On a global scale, all industries have been affected by the emergence and implementation of technological advances. All above, ICT can be employed to give users quick access to ideas and experiences from a wide range of people, communities and cultures. The positive impacts of ICT can be seen in the following aspects: Economic impacts: ICT, in combination with globalization and the information uprising have reshaped the employees. By raising the momentum of international communication, ICT has enabled corporations to subcontract jobs, both in the industrialized as well as professional sector (Lippis, 2007). Social impacts: ICT has influenced societies on numerous levels. They have comprehensive the contact of public administration, leading to a centralization of district administration into city centre. They have lead to new forms of employment in innovation and production of ICT and a stipulate for highly accomplished specialists. On the other hand, ICT has enabled professionals in certain industries to be replaced by unqualified human resources, or even completed exclusively redundant. Lifting productivity: Investing in ICT can have a powerful effect on productivity in almost every industry, driving innovation, cutting costs, and opening up new opportunities. ICT can boost profits, help small firms overcome limitations of size, and enable even small enterprises to establish a global presence. Nevertheless, to take full advantage of the opportunities of ICT, we need to develop the skills of our workforce at every level, from front-line staff to senior management. In summing up, ICT has the potential to change the tourism SMEs in improving the productivity at a lower cost and to raise the quality of information. It contributes to make the tourism penetration around the globe. In todays world, people want to find the appropriate tourist destination, booking and buying airline ticket, check in and getting boarding pass when they are sited at their home or working place. All these can be done with the support of ICT. 2.2.7 Tourism Holloway (2004) defines Tourism as the business of providing for different types of visitors; overnight or longer stay and day visitors and includes accommodation, car parking, entertainment and attractions, food and drinks. According to Beech and Chadwick (2006), the widely accepted modern definition of tourism is that given by the World Tourism organization (WTO) which describes as the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes. In tourism sector, various travel operators, hotels, restaurants and travel agencies have been active in development of Internet and e-commerce. The Internet allows travellers to access and recommend the tourism information directly as well as , reviews the local tourism information, this was done previously through the physical offices of large travel agencies. Therefore most of Information Communication Technology (ICT) capture the compensation of direct discounted sales of airline tickets and travel packages, due to both online/offline agencies have shifted on selling leisure products involve high operating expenses. Given that Internet and others travel agencies allow the customer to make comparisons in a price of air tickets and other services of the online travellers (OECD, 2004) 2.2.8 The competitive advantage Porter (1985) views that a competitive advantage is an advantages over competitor gained by offering consumer greater value than competitors offer. His view on competitive advantages is at the heart of a firms performance in competitive market. He argued that a firms ability to outperform its competitors lay in its ability to translate its competitive strategy into competitive advantages. Kotler and Armstrong (2008) suggested an advantage that firms  has  over its competitors, the way of building relationship with targeted customer, understanding their needs better than competitors do and deliver more customers value. That is it is the extent a company can differentiate and position itself as providing superior customer value. The competitive advantage is a way of giving a company an edge over its rivals and an ability to generate greater value for the firm and its shareholders. The more sustainable the competitive advantage, the more difficult for competitors to neutralize the advantage (Walker et al, 2006) 2.3 Performance of Tourism SMEs 2.3.1 Trade, industry and tourism Zanzibar Povery Reduction Policy Report (2003) has the broad objective of this sector in order to create a competitive manufacturing and trading sector, which is geared towards for economic diversification in order to ultimately alleviate poverty. The sector is aimed to provide opportunity for further participation of the private sector. The fundamental goal is to equip and facilitate this sector in building its capacity, create better working environment and institute legal and institutional framework for the enhancement and expansion of its activities. The tools to be used are the National Trade policy, Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Private Sector Involvement and Development. Zanzibar has a strong determination to develop tourism as an economic sector to provide foreign exchange earnings, creating employment opportunities, stimulate local economy and diversify the economy. On the other side most of the tourist guides and/or RoGZ believes that on development of tourism factors, tourism is a vital socio economic that participate effectively and successfully in order to manage their life and to be more development. This can be implemented through the Zanzibar National Tourism Policy and the Indicative Tourism Master Plan. Since the inception of the ZIPA in 1991, the investment process has been very positive and progressive. Statistics shows that by the end of 2002, ZIPA had approved about 242 projects with a total proposed investment value of USD 403 million. Tourism sector takes the lion share with 70% of total projects with proposed capital of USD 313.8 million. In 1985, the number of tourists who visited Zanzibar was 19,368; while the number of tourists has reached in the range between 85,000 and 100,000 annually. In 2001 Zanzibar earned approximately US$ 46 million in forex from international tourism, this accounts for approximately 15% of the GDP. This contribution is projected to increase to around $ 116 million and 21% of the GDP by 2012. (Zanzibar Povery Reduction Policy Report, 2003) 2.3.2 Contribution to GDP Tourism already makes a significant contribution to the economy of Zanzibar. It is provisionally estimated that the sector accounted for about 14% of GDP in 2001, with 12% for Tanzania as a whole. This contribution is projected to increase to around 21% by 2012.(Indicative tourism master plan ,2003) 2.3.3 Foreign exchange earnings According to the preliminary results of the International Visitor Exit Survey Zanzibar earned some $46 million from the spending of International tourists in 2001. To this must be added an allowance for the spending of tourists traveling to Zanzibar on internal flights (who are not presently covered by the official statistics). This raises total visitor expenditure to $55 million in 2001. Allowing for the imports from foreign countries that are utilized by the tourism sector, net foreign exchange earnings from tourism are estimated at $46 million in 2001. This figure is projected to increase to some $116 million by 2012. Even allowing for leakages on imports, it is clear that tourism is a most important sources of foreign exchange, and helps considerably to offset the trade deficit which widened from $51 million in 1997 to $86 million in 2000, reducing to an estimated $50 million in 2001.( Indicative tourism master plan final report,2003) 2.3.4 Contribution to employment According to (Indicative tourism master plan final report,2003), there exists no official data on the employment generated by the tourism sector, it is estimated that currently some 5,800 persons are directly employed by the tourism industry in Zanzibar, of whom approximately 4,400 persons (76%) are employed in the hotel/guest houses sub-sector. The remainder is employed in tourist restaurants, tourist shops, ground tour operators, airlines (state-owned and private), the Commission for Tourism and other tourism-related government departments or as tour guides. In addition to those directly employed in the tourism sector, there are many more-perhaps, as many again, who derive part or all of their employment from supplying goods or services to hotels, restaurants, etc, or who otherwise benefit from the spending of persons who are directly or indirectly employed in tourism. Thus, total tourism-generated employment in Zanzibar could presently be in the order of 37,000 jobs or full-time j ob equivalents. This number should further increase to around 48,000 jobs by 2021, if, as is hoped, the tourism sector returns to a path of sustained growth. Indeed, Zanzibar Vision 2020 envisages that as much as 50% of all jobs in the modern sector could be provided in tourism and the free zones by 2020. Zanzibar Growth Strategy (2007) has accorded tourism as one among the three lead sectors of the economy. In recent years the economic growth in Zanzibar has been driven by the increasing contribution and growth of the service sector, (including tourism) which represents up to 43 percent of GDP (2006).According to Zanzibar Youth Employment Action Plan(2007),arque the employment in tourism sector they believed to employ 56,000 people most of them in hotel operations of which 60% are Zanzibari youth. They are mostly engaged in building of the hotel and other infrastructure as well as in services such as tour guiding, transportation and hotel services. The potential is still there, and the government hopes more people especially youth with further be employed in this sector. 2.3.5 Contribution to government revenues The tourism sector makes a substantial contribution to government revenues through the wide range of fees, licenses and taxes levied on the sector. While precise figures are not yet a